PHONOLOGY :)

BESAS REPORTS :)

ALLOPHONES

·         Phonetics

·         Phonology

·         Phonemes

·         Allophones

Phonetics

v  Is the scientific study of speech sounds

v  It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received.

Phonology

v  Is the study of how speech sounds function in a language.

v  It studies the ways speech sounds are organized.

Phonemes

v  Phonological unit (sounds in a letter)

WOMEN-- 5  phonemes

Allophones

v  is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme.

Level of Representation

Ø  Phonemic- phonemes are described.

                                 (Sounds /t/)

Ø  Phonetic- allophones of phonemes are described.

Phonemic & Phonetic Levels of Representation

/t/

v  Tim

v  Stem

v  Hit

v  Hit me

v  Betty

Tim

·         Is aspirated

·         There is a puff of air following the release of the /t/.

Stem

·         Not aspirated

·         There is no puff of air following the release of the /t/.

Hit

·         Can be released or unreleased.

Hit me

·         May be unreleased or in a glottal stop.

Betty

·         Alveolar flap

·         Similar sound to “Beddy”

ü  Ti’m

ü  Stem

ü  Hit

ü  Hit me [?]

ü  Betty

Complementary distribution

·         is the relationship between two different elements, where one element is found in a particular environment and the other element is found in the opposite environment.

Complementary distribution

Two(2) such phones that never occur in the same context.

Allophones of the same phoneme.

Allophones of phoneme /t/

v  Lat ter

Free Variation

v  is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning.

In “like” sounds.

Example

Consider:

Wrong (X)

v  Hit /t/                  

v  Hit /d/

Check

·         Hit /t’/

·         Hit /t/

Generalization

·         The main point to keep in mind is that both the phonemic & phonetic levels & the segments that comprise them are psychological in nature & should not be confused with the speech production mechanism or speech signal.

Consult the expert ;)

·         leap play pool

v  pick pig pin ping pink  peck peg

v  lend length send strength   

v  half salmon palm almond

v  palm almond

v  back bag ban bang   

v  rack rag ran rang rank